来自 昏昏睡睡HSE · From Drowsy HSE CSP DAILY LEARNING · DAY 189

毒理学基础 · 术语精讲 | Toxicology Fundamentals · Glossary Focus

第 37 块 · Domain 6 · 职业健康与应用科学 · 9%Block 37 · Domain 6 · Occupational Health & Applied Sciences · 9%第 3 / 5 课 · 术语精讲Lesson 3 of 5 · Glossary Focus

本课只做一件事：把「毒理学基础」的 6 个高频英文术语从「眼熟」变成「能用」：定义、易混、例句。

Turn the six high-frequency terms of Toxicology Fundamentals from familiar to usable: definition, look-alike, example.

本课不涉及：不扩到别的板块的术语，也不考题型技巧。
Not covered here: No terms from other blocks, no question-technique work.

本课目标 | Learning objectives

  1. 为每个术语说出定义，而不是只给中文对应词
  2. 指出每一对易混词差在哪一个限定条件上
  3. 把每个术语放进一句真实的现场英文里

  • Define each term rather than translate it
  • Point to the exact qualifier that separates each look-alike pair
  • Put each term into one real site sentence

    • 图片预览 / Photo preview

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    术语详解 | Glossary in depth

    LD50 / 半数致死量
    一次染毒使 50% 试验动物死亡的剂量（mg/kg）或浓度 LC50。
    The single dose or concentration killing half a test population, mg/kg or LC50.
    易混 / Easily confused：易混：LD50 与职业限值。前者动物一次口径，后者人终身反复接触口径。
    LD50 is a one-shot animal figure; OELs cover repeated human exposure.
    例句 / In a sentence：Animal scale, human caution. / 动物口径，人要留系数。
    NOAEL / 未观察到有害效应水平
    实验中未出现有害效应的最高剂量，是推导限值的起点。
    The highest tested dose with no adverse effect; the seed for limits.
    易混 / Easily confused：易混：NOAEL 与 LOAEL。NOAEL 是「没看见」的最高线，LOAEL 是「看见了」的最低线。
    NOAEL is the highest clean dose, LOAEL the lowest dirty one.
    例句 / In a sentence：Clean ceiling, dirty floor. / 上限干净，下限见害。
    Metabolism / 代谢
    体内（肝为主）对毒物的生物转化，可解毒亦可活化。
    Biotransformation mainly in the liver — detoxifying or activating.
    易混 / Easily confused：易混：代谢与排泄。代谢是转化，排泄是移出；活化毒物（苯）毒在转化之后。
    Metabolism transforms; excretion removes. Activation toxins strike after conversion.
    例句 / In a sentence：Benzene hurts after conversion. / 苯的毒在转化后。
    Dermal Absorption / 皮肤吸收
    化学物经完整皮肤进入体内的途径，脂溶性物质强。
    Entry through intact skin, strongest for lipophilic agents.
    易混 / Easily confused：易混：皮肤吸收与皮肤刺激。不刺激≠不吸收——很多溶剂静默穿透。
    No sting does not mean no uptake; solvents pass silently.
    例句 / In a sentence：Silent route. / 无声的途径。
    Chronic Effect / 慢性效应
    长期低剂量接触累积产生的效应，潜伏期长（铅、苯、噪声）。
    Effects from long-term low-dose accumulation with long latency — lead, benzene, noise.
    易混 / Easily confused：易混：慢性效应与迟发效应。慢性靠累积，迟发是单次接触后延迟出现。
    Chronic accumulates; delayed effects appear after a single event.
    例句 / In a sentence：Latency is the trick. / 潜伏期是考点。
    Synergistic Effect / 协同效应
    联合毒性大于各成分单独效应之和（1+1>2）。
    Joint toxicity greater than the sum of the parts.
    易混 / Easily confused：易混：协同与相加。吸烟+石棉对肺癌是放大型协同，不止相加。
    Smoking plus asbestos on lung cancer multiplies, not adds.
    例句 / In a sentence：Together over the line. / 合用即超限。

    情景自测 | Scenario check

    术语辨析Terminology

    这道题考什么：考 NOAEL 与 LOAEL 的关系。
    Tests NOAEL versus LOAEL.

    某实验 10 mg/kg 无效应、100 mg/kg 出现效应。NOAEL 是？

    No effect at 10 mg/kg, effects at 100. The NOAEL is?

    自编练习题，不是 BCSP 官方真题，也不能用来预测分数。 / Original practice item, not an official BCSP exam question.

    动手练 | Practice

    1. 为本车间两种合用化学品写「相加/协同」判断短评。
    Write a short additive-or-synergy note for two co-used chemicals.

    学习打卡与笔记 | Progress & notes

    已完成 0/4 项 / 0/4 tasks complete

    连续学习 / Learning streak: 0 天 / 0 days

    进度保存在当前浏览器，不会自动跨设备同步。/ Progress is stored in this browser only.

    PNG 学习记录预览；可长按图片保存 / PNG card preview; long-press to save

    可靠来源 | Official references

    BCSP — CSP Examination Blueprint (CSP11)

    BCSP — Official Self-Assessments

    BCSP — Certified Safety Professional (CSP)

    Pearson VUE — CSP 考试预约 / Scheduling

    本课为一般性学习资料，不替代现场专业评估、法规要求或组织程序。/ Educational content only.

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