来自 昏昏睡睡HSE · From Drowsy HSE CSP DAILY LEARNING · DAY 29

公式表与备考系统 · 术语精讲 | Formula Sheet & Study System · Glossary Focus

第 5 块 · 备考基线 · Exam Baseline第 3 / 5 课 · 术语精讲Lesson 3 of 5 · Glossary Focus

本课只做一件事：把「公式表与备考系统」的 6 个高频英文术语从「眼熟」变成「能用」：定义、易混、例句。

Turn the six high-frequency terms of Formula Sheet & Study System from familiar to usable: definition, look-alike, example.

本课不涉及：不扩到别的板块的术语，也不考题型技巧。
Not covered here: No terms from other blocks, no question-technique work.

本课目标 | Learning objectives

  1. 为每个术语说出定义，而不是只给中文对应词
  2. 指出每一对易混词差在哪一个限定条件上
  3. 把每个术语放进一句真实的现场英文里

  • Define each term rather than translate it
  • Point to the exact qualifier that separates each look-alike pair
  • Put each term into one real site sentence

    • 图片预览 / Photo preview

    图片经过压缩后保存在当前浏览器。导出失败时，可在下方预览图片上长按保存。/ The photo is compressed and stored in this browser. If download fails, long-press the preview below to save it.

    术语详解 | Glossary in depth

    Incidence Rate / 发病率 / 事故率
    单位暴露量内的病例数，统一换算到每 200,000 工时，用来跨规模比较。
    Cases per unit of exposure, scaled to 200,000 hours so plants of different sizes can be compared.
    易混 / Easily confused：与 severity rate 不同：发病率数「多少起」，严重度算「损失多少天」，两者可以一个高一个低。
    Not severity rate: incidence counts cases, severity counts days lost; one can be high while the other is low.
    例句 / In a sentence：The incidence rate fell while severity rose — fewer but worse. / 事故率下降而严重度上升：次数少了，但更重。
    Exposure Hours / 暴露工时
    全体人员实际工作小时的总和，含加班，是率的真实分母。
    Total hours actually worked by everyone, overtime included — the true denominator of any rate.
    易混 / Easily confused：与 headcount 不同：人数不随加班与兼职变化，工时会。用人数当分母会把加班多的厂算得更安全。
    Not headcount: hours move with overtime and part-time work while headcount does not; using people makes overtime-heavy plants look safer.
    例句 / In a sentence：Exposure hours came from payroll, not from the headcount sheet. / 暴露工时取自工资系统，不是花名册。
    DART Rate / 缺勤与受限工作率
    每 200,000 工时中导致缺勤、工作受限或转岗的病例数，反映「伤得多影响工作」。
    Cases per 200,000 hours involving days away, restricted work or transfer — how much injuries disrupt work.
    易混 / Easily confused：与 TRIR 不同：DART 不含「只做医疗处置但照常上班」的病例，所以 DART ≤ TRIR 恒成立。
    Not TRIR: DART excludes medical-treatment-only cases, so DART ≤ TRIR always holds.
    例句 / In a sentence：DART is the number clients ask for in prequalification. / 客户资格预审要的是 DART。
    TWA / 时间加权平均浓度
    按暴露时长加权的平均浓度，按 8 小时班归一：Σ(Ci × Ti) ÷ 8。
    Duration-weighted average concentration normalised to an 8-hour shift: Σ(Ci × Ti) ÷ 8.
    易混 / Easily confused：与算术平均不同：8 小时里 2 小时高浓度、6 小时零，算术平均会低估，TWA 把时间权重算进去。
    Not an arithmetic mean: two hours high and six hours zero is underestimated by a simple average; TWA weights by time.
    例句 / In a sentence：The TWA exceeded the PEL even though the peak was brief. / 峰值虽短，TWA 仍超过 PEL。
    PEL / REL / TLV / 容许限值 / 建议限值 / 阈限值
    PEL 由 OSHA 制定并具法律强制力；REL 是 NIOSH 的建议值，通常更严；TLV 是 ACGIH 的行业共识值，无法定效力。
    PEL is OSHA's enforceable limit; REL is NIOSH's recommendation, usually stricter; TLV is ACGIH's consensus value with no legal force.
    易混 / Easily confused：三者数值常常不同，考试问「法定限值」只能答 PEL；问「最严」多半是 REL。
    The numbers often differ: 'legal limit' means PEL; 'most protective' is usually REL.
    例句 / In a sentence：The lab compared results with the PEL, the REL and the TLV. / 实验室把结果与 PEL、REL、TLV 都做了比对。
    Severity Rate / 严重度率
    每 200,000 工时（或每 1,000 工时）损失的日历工作日数，衡量伤害的严重程度。
    Calendar days lost per 200,000 hours (or per 1,000 hours), measuring how severe injuries are.
    易混 / Easily confused：与 incidence rate 不同：严重度用「天数」做分子，病例再少，一起重伤也能把严重度拉高。
    Not incidence: severity uses days as the numerator, so one severe case can lift it despite few cases.
    例句 / In a sentence：One fatality drove the severity rate up for three years. / 一起死亡事故把严重度率拉高了三年。

    情景自测 | Scenario check

    本课理解Lesson comprehension

    这道题考什么：考三个限值的法律地位差别：这是最容易被「数值大小」带偏的一题。
    Tests the legal status of the three limits — the item most often derailed by comparing numbers.

    同一物质，OSHA PEL 为 50 ppm，NIOSH REL 为 25 ppm，ACGIH TLV 为 25 ppm。检查发现现场 TWA 为 40 ppm。以下判断哪一项正确？

    For a substance, the OSHA PEL is 50 ppm, the NIOSH REL 25 ppm and the ACGIH TLV 25 ppm. A survey finds a TWA of 40 ppm. Which statement is correct?

    自编练习题，不是 BCSP 官方真题，也不能用来预测分数。 / Original practice item, not an official BCSP exam question.

    动手练 | Practice

    1. 为 TRIR / DART / LTIR 画一张三行对照表：分子放什么、分母放什么、常见错。
    Build a three-row table for TRIR, DART and LTIR: numerator, denominator, usual mistake.

    2. 写一句话解释：为什么「我们厂 500 人、去年 9 起病例」这句话本身无法判断安全水平。
    Explain in one sentence why '500 people, 9 cases last year' says nothing about safety performance on its own.

    学习打卡与笔记 | Progress & notes

    已完成 0/4 项 / 0/4 tasks complete

    连续学习 / Learning streak: 0 天 / 0 days

    进度保存在当前浏览器，不会自动跨设备同步。/ Progress is stored in this browser only.

    PNG 学习记录预览；可长按图片保存 / PNG card preview; long-press to save

    可靠来源 | Official references

    BCSP — CSP Examination Blueprint (CSP11)

    BCSP — Official Self-Assessments

    BCSP — Certified Safety Professional (CSP)

    Pearson VUE — CSP 考试预约 / Scheduling

    本课为一般性学习资料，不替代现场专业评估、法规要求或组织程序。/ Educational content only.

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